Federal Subsidized Housing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Federal Subsidized Housing - Essay Example The CHA is governed by commissioners who are appointed by the mayor. The first Executive Director of the CHA was Elizabeth Wood. Who served for 17 years. During the Wood years the CHA became immersed in perpetuating an obvious pattern of institutional racism: The federal Housing Act of 1937 in conjunction with the Chicago Public Works Administration were successful in completing four low-rise (two to four story building prior to World War II. Three of these projects were opened in 1938: Jane Adams House, on the near west side, comprising of 32 buildings which housed 1,027 families; Julia C, Lanthrop Homes on the north side housed 925 families and Trumbull Park Homes on the far south side for 426 families. These three complexes were built primarily for whites (although 2.5 per cent or 60 units were set aside for African Americans). In 1940 The CHA embarked on a pattern which would later be challenged as a social, moral and legal travesty. In 1941 the CHA completed construction of its first public housing project exclusive for African Americans and situated it in the heart of an African American (Ghetto) neighborhood. The Ida B. Wells House was considerably larger than the CHA’s previous projects, and it accommodated 1,662 families.... a myth which permeated every (white) neighborhood in Chicago. Not only did the CHA promote its promulgation on the local level, the federal government under the"Neighborhood Composition Rule", gave tacit approval for the furtherance of institutional racism, when it stipulated: that the tenants of a housing development be of the same race as the people in the area in which it was situated. (Hilliard1966) Many northerners took a special type of "white" pride in decrying the antics and overt racism of their southern brothers, while declaring that they (northern whites) were all liberals, who believed in the absolute provisions of the Declaration of Independence, The Bill of Rights and the Constitution, which provides human and civil rights for all men, regardless of their race or skin color. In his pre World War II study of the race situation in America, Gunnar Myrdal presented his findings on the heightened hypocrisy which existed in the souls and minds of most white Americans in general and in this instance of Chicagoans in particular; Another form of discrimination in the North against Negroes is in the market forHouses and apartments; whites try to keep Negroes out of white neighborhoods by Restrictive covenants. The legality of these covenants is open to dispute, but in soFar as the local courts uphold them, the discrimination is in the legal principle, not In the individual cases brought to court. (Myrdal 527)This study by Myrdal is required reading (at least passages and

Private or public Essay Example for Free

Private or public Essay Most parents want their children to gain better knowledge because knowledge is the most vital thing for children to live through in the future. To gain better knowledge, the most right thing is to choose an appropriate school. Parents struggle with it because it is relatively difficult to choose an appropriate school for their children. They consider choosing either private school or public school. There are many differences between public and private schools. The purpose of this essay is to differentiate teachers, studying conditions and tuition of private and public schools. The first difference between private and public school is teachers. Teachers of private school are better educated than teachers of public schools. Because private school employers try to hire well educated teachers who have not only have a bachelor’s degree but also have a graduate degree. The quality of education is the most important one. Moreover, private school teachers have to have well communication skills and ability to teach well. In contrast, public schools don’t care much of their teachers. Any teacher who has a bachelor’s degree can teach in public school. The second difference between private and public school is studying conditions. Studying condition in private school is less noisy than that in public school. Because, private school have less number of students and teachers as compared to the public schools. In addition, studying rooms are more comfortable than that in public schools. Moreover, studying rooms in public schools are known to be worse than in private schools with buildings, libraries and furniture. Many prestigious private schools provide new books to their students which make students more likely to study. On the contrary, most books which are provided from public schools are old. For this reason, students motivation to study decreases. The third difference between private and public school is tuition. Most private schools charge tuitions. Most of the private schools hold an event for parents. These activities are dedicated for parents to have stable communication between teachers and parents. In conclusion, parents choose private schools because it is better than public schools. I graduated from private school but, I had studied public school too. So, I know the differences and identifications of private and public schools. The reason why I choose private school is, I studied better in private school than in public school. There were many advantages that I found in a private school which were the studying condition was better in private school and teachers were highly qualified than that in public school. It is much better to choose private school because private school can educate student better than public school. Despite, private school charges tuition while it can give students much more education than public school. The more you pay, the more you take.

Expanding the Literary Canon Essay -- Literature English Essays

Expanding the Literary Canon While this essay can in no way claim to contain a fully representative sampling of what various scholars have contributed relative to the ongoing debate over the literary canon, I will attempt to highlight three distinct positions which are all informed by John Guillory's critical contributions to the canonical debate. First, I will discuss the concept of ideology and canon formation as Guillory first articulated it in his 1983 essay, "The Ideology of Canon Formation: T. S. Eliot and Cleanth Brooks," and which he subsequently thoroughly revised and included in his 1993 book on canon formation, Cultural Capital: The Problem of literary Canon Formation This essay on the ways ideology and cultural politics complicates and informs canon formation, also discusses Guillory's theory concerning the death Joe Weixlmann who offers his own commentary concerning how ideology and politics of literary orthodoxy in favor of a more democratically situated heterodoxy, and how this concept of a hetero doxy might inform the university's literary curriculum. Next, Christopher Ricks' essay, 'What is at stake in the "battle of the books"?" will be analyzed to determine if his attack on Guillory's assertions relative to his critique of the current status of the canonical debate contributes in any meaningful way to opinions about whether or not the literary canon should be revised. Finally, the several critics who have now offered commentary on Guillory's latest theories on canon formation as articulated in Cultural Capital will be discussed relative to how influential they perceive Guillory's latest work to be as it pertains to the ongoing debate over the nature of the extant literary canon. Guillory begins "The Ideol... ...479. Guillory, John. "The Ideology of Canon-Formation: T.S. Eliot and Cleanth Brooks." Critical Inquiry. 10 (1('3~) 144-176. Guillory, John. Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1993 Readings, Bill. Rev. of Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation: by John Guillory. Modern Language Quarterly. 55:3 (1994) 321-326 Ricks, Christopher. "What is at stake in the "battle of the books"?," The New Criterion. (1989) 40-44 Robbins, Bruce. "'Real Politics' and the Canon Debate." Rev. of Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation by John Guillory. Contemporary Literature 35 (1994) 365-375 Roberts, Lynn. Personal interview conducted 13 March 1996 Weixlmann, Joe. "Dealing with the Demands of an Expanding Literary Canon." College English 50 (1988) 273-283

Globalization of business operations and industries Essay

Globalization of business operations and industries has created a new challenge for organization penetrating in international markets. Several factors require management when firms focus on diversifying its product/service offering in international markets. Especially limiting the viewpoint to human resource requires managing the workplace diversity, employee selection mechanism, cultural differences, and managing the intercultural communication requires assessing the capabilities of organization to address these issues. International market business operations present the companies with acquiring new set of skills and transformation in human resource policy in order to perform the services with flexibility that doest not hinder in goals achievement. Workplace diversity management is the essential and important issue that needs to be address by an organization entering in international markets. Since diverse workforce consist of people belonging to different culture, races, having different ethnic background, a different way of learning; thus providing different ideas merging in organization. This enables organization to utilize and focus on enlarge business challenges in different business markets. Strategic HRM policy structure gives flexibility to organization for changing its focused principle in consideration of market needs; such as cultural dimensional factors identified by Hofstede on various dimensions helps identify the factors to be addressed by organization based on the market needs. Cultural differences have strong implications for organization expanding in international markets. Therefore, organization needs to give autonomy and flexibility to employees that will serve organizational purposes in international markets by leveraging the HRM policies. This can be done by regulating the rewards and compensation package structure for employees who will need to be relocating in different workplace locations due to their skills required to penetrate and serve in international markets. In relation to managing cultural differences, organization must define a comprehensive and decentralized decision making structure through defining the hierarchy management channel in its policy for international markets. Since few activities of firm remain limited in centralized location, so in order to comprehend the objective proper decision making style will enable accuracy and timeliness of activities. Decentralization of decision making structure will reduce the possible delay in decision making due to multi-level hierarchy structure of an organization and will also result in better assessment of any situation due to diverse workforce. Communication between departments and stakeholders is highly significant when concerning the international operations of an organization. Effectiveness of organizational culture for performing international operations is based on the communication style related to information processing, decision convey ability, surpassing the imperative information related to business decision making, and matters related to managing intercultural communication barrier. Ambiguous and unstructured problems require managing the barriers to improve the interdepartmental sharing of information for goals accomplishment. This issue can be addressed by initiating equal employment opportunity program for international business which would limit the selective culture growth of organization and encourage workplace diverse. Frame of reference affects the cross-cultural communication due to selective visionary capabilities of employees to foresee the potential growth possibilities. Therefore organization must initiate a formalized recruitment program focusing on viewing various individual dimensions in its SHRM policy structure to normalize the responses towards reducing frame of reference. Stereotypical response by employees increases the biasness that affects the communication at international level increasing the chances of intergroup conflict affecting the effective goals accomplishment of organization. In association to this, chances of misunderstanding increases when firm do not address discrimination issue in its HRM policy to manage international operations functionality. Impartiality of decisions thus contributes towards progressive growth pertaining to employee contribution. At international level, cognitive dissonance is also a big challenge for firms to manage as ambiguity in information sharing leads towards strong misunderstanding among departments which may be depicted in actions leading towards wrong objectives setting. Company must address the corporate culture issue and coordination mechanism in its HRM policy to reduce the impact of cognitive dissonance on organizational goals accomplishment. Sony Corporation has developed a communication structure identified in its HRM policy to increase the effectiveness of communication among its employees in regional offices and production sites located in China. Employees are given combined training sessions, and encouraged to participate in workshops which increases the communication among employees belonging to different cultures and understand their potential issues that may arise due to operations in international markets. Human resource ethical issue also has implication for firms either they operate locally or in international markets. Employee privacy, job safety, health standard, workplace environment and condition, legislation for employees’ rights protection are essential duties for senior management to address in strategic HR policy. This although may create certain challenges to address by management but provide job satisfaction to employees; policies amendment concerning addressing the ethical issues differ of country basis due to differing working demand and obligations by country law. However, an organization can standardize the procedure and policies giving protection to employees as its ethical responsibility. SHRM policy can emphasize on employee welfare concept that aimed at addressing the factors leading to increased employee living standard; consequently, employee involvement in work increases and firm’s penetration power in international markets also strengthen due to direct participation of employees in organizational objectives achievement.

The Value of a College Education

The value of a college education In the 21st century depends on why the person Is attending In the first place. For some It's a family tradition, their fathers, fathers went to college and so the tradition should continue. Which would make the the value In this case acceptance from ones family. Others have no Idea what they want out of life but hope college is the place to find it. For me college is a means to and end.It's become the next logical step in my life because without it I can no longer move up in the Job field I'm currently in. The value college education is priceless. Of course most think of it as another bill but let's not forget their s always a way to get around that like scholarships, tuition pay and financial aid. But what most don't realize is that value of education is really the doors that open up or that piece of paper you studied and paid for.With a college education your possibilities are endless. The knowledge you gain will give you the upper hand in life, bei ng employable for a Job with a future. Because after all no one wants to work In retail forever or any other dead end Job for that matter. More now than ever a college Is needed. The relationship between success and a College education becomes stronger every year. A higher level of education Is

Free Essays on R&R

It is only years after their presidency that a nation can judge on whether or not their president has served them right. However, only a few remain in the memory of the people as being good president. Theodore Roosevelt is one of the very few presidents remembered by all as being a good president. Not only did he live a highly successful life but brought considerable efforts during his term in office in 1901 to 1909 as the United States’ 26th President. Theodore Roosevelt can be considered one of the best presidents because of his popularity, his qualities and his many accomplishments. Theodore Roosevelt appealed greatly to the American nation. He was an all-around polyvalent man, â€Å" a Nobel prizewinner, a physical culturalist, a naval historian, a biographer, a paleontologist, a taxidermist, an ornithologist, a field naturalist, a conservationist, an editor, a critic, a civil service reformer, a former Governor of New York and the President of the United States† Roosevelt refused to believe that â€Å"there was anything finer than to be born an American† and this appealed to the public because it gave them a sense of importance and devotion that a president could have for his people. He appeared to be a well-informed and highly moral man and the â€Å" common people saw in him a fiery champion† Overall what made Teddy Roosevelt popular was the fact that the American population saw that he was real and could relate to him. What made Theodore Roosevelt such a great president was that he was an imperialist and a progressive. He believed that America should spread out throughout Europe and to the rest of the world. As the President, Roosevelt looked out for the best interest of the United States and â€Å" flexed America’s muscle abroad† Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to acknowledge â€Å" that a nation’s future trade posture must be toward Asia and away from the Old World entanglement of its past† When war... Free Essays on R&R Free Essays on R&R It is only years after their presidency that a nation can judge on whether or not their president has served them right. However, only a few remain in the memory of the people as being good president. Theodore Roosevelt is one of the very few presidents remembered by all as being a good president. Not only did he live a highly successful life but brought considerable efforts during his term in office in 1901 to 1909 as the United States’ 26th President. Theodore Roosevelt can be considered one of the best presidents because of his popularity, his qualities and his many accomplishments. Theodore Roosevelt appealed greatly to the American nation. He was an all-around polyvalent man, â€Å" a Nobel prizewinner, a physical culturalist, a naval historian, a biographer, a paleontologist, a taxidermist, an ornithologist, a field naturalist, a conservationist, an editor, a critic, a civil service reformer, a former Governor of New York and the President of the United States† Roosevelt refused to believe that â€Å"there was anything finer than to be born an American† and this appealed to the public because it gave them a sense of importance and devotion that a president could have for his people. He appeared to be a well-informed and highly moral man and the â€Å" common people saw in him a fiery champion† Overall what made Teddy Roosevelt popular was the fact that the American population saw that he was real and could relate to him. What made Theodore Roosevelt such a great president was that he was an imperialist and a progressive. He believed that America should spread out throughout Europe and to the rest of the world. As the President, Roosevelt looked out for the best interest of the United States and â€Å" flexed America’s muscle abroad† Theodore Roosevelt was the first president to acknowledge â€Å" that a nation’s future trade posture must be toward Asia and away from the Old World entanglement of its past† When war...

15 Vital College Survival Tips

15 Vital College Survival Tips In this quick-read article you’ll find 15 college survival tips that get straight to the heart of the matter. We didn’t waste time with fluff tips or nonsense. Each one is serious business so let’s get to it. 1. Make Eating Right Exercising Habitual Yes, really. Eating right is going to work miracles all by itself because you’ll be running on all cylinders. Exercise will keep you in shape and balanced. Being healthy is really a good idea (who’d-uh thunk it?) and it helps you get the most out of your college experience. 2. Maintain Relationships with the Right Professors Don’t hesitate. From the get-go you need to be establishing relationships with the professors that matter most to you given your goals/focus. Don’t be creepy or in a hurry. Just approach them and let them know they’ll be seeing you around for the next few years and you would love to get to know them. That’s it. Then practice being a student they’re pleased with. It makes college life so much easier when you’re connected to the right people. 3. Know Your Major from Day One Don’t be indecisive. Make a decision and stick with it. Don’t spend a year or two bouncing around from one major to the next wasting time and money. If you’re too young to think about your future in a mature way, maybe you should wait before committing to college? At the end of the day it’s not necessary, but knowing your major from the start makes college much more rewarding. 4. Get Lame Classes Done First Regardless of your major there are a bunch of classes you need to take. Some are the fun classes while others are going to be hard or boring electives you’re not interested in. Don’t avoid them. Get them done with as early as possible so you can spend as much time as possible on the classes that matter to you most. 5. Realize that College is Temporary Don’t get so lost in the moment that you make decisions which could really harm you down the road. Like, maybe it’s not a good idea to post videos on the net of you doing illegal or ridiculous things. Especially if you plan on becoming a teacher or public official. I mean live it up, but don’t forget that college is just a temporary place and the real world awaits you. Also, because college is temporary you really don’t need to take it so seriously that you cause yourself physical or psychological harm. Get it, do your time, get your degree(s) and then move on. It’s that simple. 6. Cradle a Sense of Balance Relax. Find ways to keep yourself balanced and cradle them because they mean so much. Resistance training really helps. Take a yoga class. Do something to keep your mind and body centered so that you don’t get too swept up into things. 7. Be Strategic with Procrastination We all procrastinate, it’s fine. Just make sure you use it wisely. Mid-terms aren’t a good choice†¦jus’sayin. 8. Destroy Your Comfort Bubbles You’re going to survive college. One way to make sure you get the most of it, is to demolish your comfort bubbles and explore, experiment, travel and make yourself available to exquisite experiences. 9. Are You Ready to be a Parent? Seriously. Sex is awesome and there are TONS of young sexy people in college. The question is, are you prepared to be a mommy or daddy? If not, then you need to take sex a bit more seriously. 10. Don’t Avoid Class Difficulty Maybe that class sounds awesome, but on the first day you felt like it might be better to swim in razor blades and lemon juice. Hold on a minute, don’t be so quick to hop out of classes that you find challenging. These are known as character-builder classes. 11. Go to Class! We had to include this one because we understand how powerful propaganda can be. The more you see, read and hear â€Å"go to class!† the higher the chances are that you’ll go. These classes cost money and they are time in your life you’ll never get back so you better take them seriously. 12. Learn How to Take Proper Notes This isn’t high school. Take notes seriously. Clue: you don’t need to take a â€Å"how to take notes† class. 13. Learn to Chill at Test Time The more prepared you are the more relaxed you’ll be. Don’t let anxiety and fear gobble up tons of your mental energy. Instead, make sure you’re prepared and ready to rock when test time comes. 14. Focus on the Right Kind of Friends Don’t let idiots drag you down. Hang with people that can help you succeed and vice versa. 15. Go to Tons of Events Take advantage of as many school events as possible, because then you’ll meet tons of people and create for yourself tons of opportunities (relationships). So how about it folks? Do you agree these are the big hitter survival tips or what? Let us know what you do to survive.

The African Union Organization

The African Union Organization The African Union is one of the worlds most important intergovernmental organizations. It is composed of 53 countries in Africa and is loosely based on the European Union. These African countries work diplomatically with each other despite differences in geography, history, race, language, and religion to try to improve the political, economic, and social situations for the approximately one billion people that live on the African continent. The African Union promises to protect Africas rich cultures, some of which have existed for thousands of years. African Union Membership The African Union, or AU, includes every independent African country except Morocco. Additionally, the African Union recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which is a portion of Western Sahara; this recognition by the AU caused Morocco to resign. South Sudan is the newest member of the African Union, joining on July 28, 2011, less than three weeks after it became an independent country. The OAU: The Precursor to the African Union The African Union was formed after the dissolution of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002. The OAU was formed in 1963 when many African leaders wanted to accelerate the process of European decolonization and gain independence for a number of new nations. It also wanted to promote peaceful solutions to conflicts, ensure sovereignty forever, and raise living standards. However, the OAU was largely criticized from the beginning. Some countries still had deep ties to its colonial masters. Many countries associated themselves with the ideologies of either the United States or the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Although the OAU gave weapons to rebels and was successful in eliminating colonization, it could not eliminate the massive poverty problem. Its leaders were seen as corrupt and unconcerned for the welfare of the common people. Many civil wars occurred and the OAU could not intervene. In 1984, Morocco left the OAU because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara. In 1994, South Africa joined the OAU after the fall of apartheid. The African Union Is Founded Years later, Libyas leader Muammar Gaddafi, a strong proponent of African unity, encouraged the revival and improvement of the organization. After several conventions, the African Union was formed in 2002. The headquarters of the African Union is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Its official languages are English, French, Arabic, and Portuguese, but many documents are also printed in Swahili and local languages. The leaders of the African Union work together to promote health, education, peace, democracy, human rights, and economic success. Three AU Administrative Bodies The heads of state of each member country form the AU Assembly. These leaders meet semi-annually to discuss the budget and major goals of peace and development. The current leader of the African Union Assembly is Bingu Wa Mutharika, the President of Malawi. The AU Parliament is the legislative body of the African Union and is composed of 265 officials who represent the common people of Africa. Its seat is in Midrand, South Africa. The African Court of Justice works to ensure that human rights for all Africans are respected. The Improvement of Human Life in Africa The African Union strives to improve every aspect of government and human life on the continent. Its leaders try to improve educational and career opportunities for ordinary citizens. It works to get healthy food, safe water, and adequate housing to the poor, especially in times of disaster. It studies the causes of these problems, like famine, drought, crime, and war. Africa has a high population that suffers from diseases like HIV, AIDS, and malaria, so the African Union tries to give treatment to the afflicted and provide education to prevent the spread of these diseases. The Improvement of Government, Finances, and Infrastructure The African Union supports agricultural projects. It works to improve transportation and communication and promotes scientific, technological, industrial, and environmental advancement. Financial practices like free trade, customs unions, and central banks are planned. Tourism and immigration ​are promoted, as well as better uses of energy and the protection of Africas precious natural resources such as gold. Environmental problems like desertification are studied, and Africas livestock resources are given aid. The Improvement of Security A major goal of the African Union is to encourage the collective defense, security, and stability of its members. The African Unions democratic principles have gradually reduced corruption and unfair elections. It tries to prevent conflicts between member nations and solve any disputes that do arise quickly and peacefully. The African Union can grant sanctions on disobedient states and withhold economic and social benefits. It does not tolerate inhumane acts such as genocide, war crimes, and terrorism. The African Union can intervene militarily and has sent peacekeeping troops to alleviate political and social disorder in places like Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Burundi, and Comoros. However, some of these missions have been criticized as being too underfunded, undermanned, and untrained. A few nations, like Niger, Mauritania, and Madagascar have been suspended from the organization after political events like coup detats. Foreign Relations of the African Union The African Union works closely with diplomats from the United States, European Union, and United Nations. It receives aid from countries around the world to deliver on its promises of peace and health for all Africans. The African Union realizes that its member nations must unite and cooperate to compete in the worlds increasingly globalized economy and foreign relations. It hopes to have a single currency, like the euro, by 2023. An African Union passport may exist one day. In the future, the African Union hopes to benefit people of African origin living throughout the world. African Union Struggles Linger The African Union has improved stability and welfare, but it does have its challenges. Poverty is still a tremendous problem. The organization is deeply in debt and many consider some of its leaders to still be corrupt. Moroccos tension with Western Sahara continues to strain the entire organization. However, several smaller multi-state organizations exist in Africa, like the East African Community and the Economic Community of West African States, so the African Union can study how successful these smaller regional organizations have been in combating poverty and political strife. Conclusion In conclusion, the African Union comprises all but one of Africas countries. Its goal of integration has fostered one identity and has enhanced the political, economic, and social climate of the continent, thereby giving hundreds of millions of people a healthier and more successful future.

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management Essay - 2

Effective Approaches in Leadership and Management - Essay Example It is evident from the definitions that there is no major disparity between the two terms, and Kelly (2011) further stated that leadership and management interlinked and complement each other. This present essay looks into a scenario whereby a hospital is forced to close down one of its unit and undergone some restructuring. Under this scenario, the essay will compare and contrast how nursing leaders and managers would approach the mentioned scenario. Secondly, I will identify the leadership style that befits my personal and professional philosophy of nursing. Unit closure and restructuring In this scenario, it is assumed that the hospital will close down one of its unit and it could be because of various reasons that could range from lack of financial resources to support this unit or lack of sufficient human resource to serve this unit. Equally, the closed unit could include the mental healthcare unit or critical care unit. Upon closure of a significant unit within a hospital, it i s widely expected that the hospital will undergo restructuring in order to control the impact of closure. It is of essence to note that the closure of a unit could potentially lead to job loss, redeployment of staff, reduction of financial capital, or introduction of a new unit/ service. The approach of nursing leaders and managers in the mentioned scenario First, it is significant to note that in the mentioned scenario both a nursing leader and manager have to deal with the issue of change, and thus, how to manage and lead the hospital through the change that it would experience after the closure of the unit and during the restructuring. Kelly (2011) stated that leaders originate new ideas within an organisation, therefore, it is expected that the nursing leader will be the one who will foresee the significance of closing the unit and advocating for the restructuring of the hospital. The leader will then inspire and encourage the manager that it is the best course of action to take , after, which the manager will undertake the task of planning, organising, and coordinating the closure of the unit as well as restructuring the organisation. It can further be noted that the nursing leader will foresee the significance of closing the unit and restructuring the hospital because, leaders have long-term perspective on things while managers have short-term perspective on things, this is according to Clark (2008). With reference to the writings by Kelly (2011), it is correct to assert that the nursing leader will be the one who will originate the idea of closing the unit and even restructuring the hospital, this is because a leader is someone who can challenge the status quo while a manager easily accepts status quo. This means that the nursing manager is not the one expected to initiate the change process within the hospital. Since the above scenario involves change, the leadership and management style used by the nursing leaders and managers will determine if the ent ire process will be successful and smooth. In case, the nursing leaders and managers apply other approaches contrary to the humanistic approach, which Clark (2008) stated that it is suitable for the change process, then there is likely to be resistance from the hospital staff. However, she further noted that while leaders focus on people, managers focus on structures and systems. This therefore, means that the nursing leader will be involved in ensuring that the hospital staffs are well aware of the pending unit closure and even

Welfare state Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Welfare state - Research Paper Example This essay discusses that If evidence shows that high numbers of individuals leave the welfare system within a period of fewer than 6 months, it would greatly validate my claim that individuals do not feed on the welfare system and resist coming off of it.   In addition, it would be important to find qualitative information from welfare recipients that explain the reasoning for them entering into receiving welfare as well as their reason for coming off of it.   One struggle with this qualitative examination is the emotional struggles endured that cause member of society to enter into welfare or to remove them from receiving welfare benefits.   Such emotional struggles can be attributed to psychosocial, environmental and familial shame as previously mentioned.    It is my wish to find evidence that will support or refute my original claim that welfare programs, specifically those of food stamps and unemployment benefits, are beneficial for society as a whole and help individua ls re-enter society’s workforce while coping with unfortunate circumstances.   Likewise, I seek to find information to support to refute my claim that individuals do not wish to stay on welfare benefits and will work hard to come off of them because of psychosocial, environmental and familial shame that is associated with being on welfare.   Historical evidence will be drawn to help understand the origination of the welfare system and previous empirical data will help to analyze the trends associated with individuals that have received welfare benefits.   Ã‚  

Dual Process Theories of Reasoning and Judgment Research Paper

Dual Process Theories of Reasoning and Judgment - Research Paper Example For example, Pavlov's model of classical conditioning is commonly recognized as a form of associative learning where a neutral stimulus is introduced along with a stimulus of significance and an unconditioned response is transferred for a conditioned one. Within a vacuum this model works, but Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory suggest that through one's experiences they form memories through which they associate emotions and when similar events occur that remind them of these memories, they in turn associate that even with the felt emotion. These emotions in turn effect behavior making this so significant to the daily lives of individuals. Human beings naturally use their emotions in relations to their memories to defines a sense of self. Cognitive-Experiential Self Theory denotes that the analytical and the emotional can work in contrast while simultaneously working in correspondence with the cognitive mind. A major disconfirmation of this theory can be seen in the human pursuit of self realization as Keirkegaard notes. If as Cognitive-Experiential Theory argue Human beings cognitively are reactionary to their on predicated emotions than there is no room to learn from one's emotions and in turn overcome them. Keirkegaard believed this individualistic existence caused everyone to travel along a path toward self-realization and this process, he noted, had three stages.

Approaches for System Building in Digital Firm Era Essay

Approaches for System Building in Digital Firm Era - Essay Example The builders of system have to understand the impact of system change on organization and its processes as a whole. Generally, there are four kinds of system changes such as automation, shifts in paradigm, redesigning of business processes and rationalization. In any kind of systems development, there are six types of core activities that are vital for system effective building i.e. system analysis i.e. study and analysis of any problem or problems of existing systems along with requirements for solutions; system design i.e. information system solution specification which shows the way in which technical and organizational components will get integrated; programming i.e. making program of the system; testing the system; converting system if there is any kind of need for modification; production of final system for organization and maintenance of system so it functions smoothly and efficiently. Approaches for system-building in digital firms In modeling and designing information syste ms, two methodologies are used i.e. structured and object-oriented. In structured methodology, focus is on data and modeling processes separately; whereas, in object-oriented methodology, a model is viewed as a system in which a collection of objects bring together data and modeling processes. There are numerous methods of building systems that can be used by organizations. The four most common approaches used for system building are traditional system life cycle, prototyping, end-user development and Application Software packages and outsourcing (Oxford Economics, 2009). The oldest method is traditional systems life cycle in which systems are developed following formal stages; system building process proceeds to the next stage only after previous stage’s output is achieved. In prototyping, experimental systems are built rapidly and these systems are comparatively cheaper to other systems; they allow the end users to interact with the systems and evaluate their effectiveness. End-user development approach allows end users to develop information systems either on their own or by taking some help from specialists of information systems. Application software packages and outsourcing implies letting third parties develop information systems for the organizations; although this approach is relatively expensive but the systems developed under this approach are compatible with digital firm requirements from every aspect. Two approaches suitable for digital firm The two approaches most suitable for digital firms are prototyping and application software packages and outsourcing. Both these approaches help technology advanced organizations to successfully prosper within the digital industry as they allow the end users to easily interact and use the features of digital technology. In prototyping system building approach, a specific interactive system is designed which builds a model of a system to determine requirements of system. The primary aim of prototyping is to build an experimental system that is quick and inexpensive one for demonstrating and evaluating the users need for information requirements. The preliminary model of system or its important parts are built

The Increasing Collaboration in U.S. Military Essay

The Increasing Collaboration in U.S. Military - Essay Example The challenges that they encounters in their quest to transform and adapt to more collaborative strategies are discussed. Areas that the military has attained success during its collaborative endeavors have been mentioned. Further, a clear description of collaboration is presented, including those involved with the military, the objectives of military in collaborating and the present status as well as the success measures. Introduction In military warfare, the world is increasingly embracing collective and collaborative efforts in accomplishing the military activities and practices effectively. Collaborative efforts are practiced in military command relations, joint operations, strengthening personnel and equipment, training and tactics as well as in fostering cultural relations. Collaboration develops best in environments where relationships are mutual and well nurtured (Bushe, 2010). In military operations and practices, collaboration with other stakeholders is perceived as problem atic because the military forces are compelled to certain demands with the collaborative partners. The collaboration partners may be perceived with element of suspicion, leading to reluctance in sharing information on matters of national security out of fear. Consequently, collaborative work in military is more pervasive and complex. The United States military forces are working toward increased collaborative methods because of their understanding of how to improve collaborative work. Growing U.S. Military Collaboration Description of Collaboration Collaboration is the practice and concept of bringing appropriate individuals jointly in productive ways with proper information to establish genuine goals and strategies for tackling the common issues of the collaborative organizations or communities. This practice or concept is practiced because it helps to deal successfully with complex organizational or community issues. Collaboration strategies can be used as a means of building soci al capital, sustaining a democratic society and transforming the civic culture of communities or regions besides being used to address public concerns. Collaboration requires that the shared issues be addressed through engagement, dialogue, inclusion and power sharing. Mutual learning is a basic concept in collaborative working. The collaborating partners mutually benefit from the relationship to realize common goals and objectives through sharing responsibilities, accountability as well as authority for achieving the set results. Collaboration involves sharing of information and knowledge by the partners, and cooperation and coordination to help achieve the objectives (Chrislip, 2002). Involved Parties Multiple stakeholders are usually involved in collaborative work with the U.S. military personnel, depending on the desired goals and objectives to be accomplished. The U.S. military collaborates with civilian interagency, such as civilians from U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agen cy for International Development (USAID) among other organizations. The civilian interagency helps the U.S. military personnel in counterinsurgency operations and activities. The interagency for example, helped the U.S. military through collaboration in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq to facilitate reconstruction and development of the nations and advising the military on how to reach out to the indigenous communities (Green, 2012). U.S. military col

The Google Boys Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Google Boys - Essay Example However, soon the fellows found a common topic of interest, and by January 1996, the 24-year-old Larry and 23-yar-old Sergey had started collaboration on their first search engine called BackRub, which could analyze the â€Å"back links† pointing to a given website. The friends were limited in cash and had to borrow computers for their network. BackRub became popular in the campus. The work on the new technology was continued. Larry and Sergey bought a terabyte of disks at bargain price to build their computer housing. The Google’s first data center was in Larry’s dorm room. Having set up a business office, they started looking for potential partners. However, the new technology was not known and many companies, including Yahoo, refused a wonderful chance to get hold of it for almost no money. So Larry and Sergey decided to promote their engine themselves. All they needed was money. It was Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems, and then a friend of a faculty member, who gave his blessing and a check for $100,000 to a new company, Google Inc. Sergey tells that they met Andy very early one morning on the porch at a Stanford faculty member’s home in Palo Alto. â€Å"We gave him a quick demo. He had to run off somewhere, so he said, ‘Instead of us discussing all the details, why dont I just write you a check? It was made out to Google Inc.†. While such a company didn’t exist it was impossible to deposit the check. So for a couple of weeks Sergey, who was, obviously, the business organizer, set up a firm, locating funders among family, friends and acquaintances. As a result, the initial investment made almost $1 million. Google Inc. opened in September 1998, in a friend’s garage in Melno Park, California. The new company had a staff of three, with Craig Silverstein, now Google’s director of

The Increasing Collaboration in U.S. Military Essay

The Increasing Collaboration in U.S. Military - Essay Example The challenges that they encounters in their quest to transform and adapt to more collaborative strategies are discussed. Areas that the military has attained success during its collaborative endeavors have been mentioned. Further, a clear description of collaboration is presented, including those involved with the military, the objectives of military in collaborating and the present status as well as the success measures. Introduction In military warfare, the world is increasingly embracing collective and collaborative efforts in accomplishing the military activities and practices effectively. Collaborative efforts are practiced in military command relations, joint operations, strengthening personnel and equipment, training and tactics as well as in fostering cultural relations. Collaboration develops best in environments where relationships are mutual and well nurtured (Bushe, 2010). In military operations and practices, collaboration with other stakeholders is perceived as problem atic because the military forces are compelled to certain demands with the collaborative partners. The collaboration partners may be perceived with element of suspicion, leading to reluctance in sharing information on matters of national security out of fear. Consequently, collaborative work in military is more pervasive and complex. The United States military forces are working toward increased collaborative methods because of their understanding of how to improve collaborative work. Growing U.S. Military Collaboration Description of Collaboration Collaboration is the practice and concept of bringing appropriate individuals jointly in productive ways with proper information to establish genuine goals and strategies for tackling the common issues of the collaborative organizations or communities. This practice or concept is practiced because it helps to deal successfully with complex organizational or community issues. Collaboration strategies can be used as a means of building soci al capital, sustaining a democratic society and transforming the civic culture of communities or regions besides being used to address public concerns. Collaboration requires that the shared issues be addressed through engagement, dialogue, inclusion and power sharing. Mutual learning is a basic concept in collaborative working. The collaborating partners mutually benefit from the relationship to realize common goals and objectives through sharing responsibilities, accountability as well as authority for achieving the set results. Collaboration involves sharing of information and knowledge by the partners, and cooperation and coordination to help achieve the objectives (Chrislip, 2002). Involved Parties Multiple stakeholders are usually involved in collaborative work with the U.S. military personnel, depending on the desired goals and objectives to be accomplished. The U.S. military collaborates with civilian interagency, such as civilians from U.S. Department of State and U.S. Agen cy for International Development (USAID) among other organizations. The civilian interagency helps the U.S. military personnel in counterinsurgency operations and activities. The interagency for example, helped the U.S. military through collaboration in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq to facilitate reconstruction and development of the nations and advising the military on how to reach out to the indigenous communities (Green, 2012). U.S. military col

Architecture in the Machine Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Architecture in the Machine Age - Essay Example Three new materials were generated in the field of architecture in the industrial revolution during the 20th century: steel glass and reinforced concrete (Giedion, 1954). These new materials were flexible to use, mass produced and inexpensive. These impacted American cities in a big way by allowing better density through taller buildings. During 1850-1900, the Crafts and Art Movement was a response to industrial revolution. In 1765, James Watt invented steam engine and it propelled the mechanization of transportation, industry, and agriculture. In Britain, that altered the lives of working people. The towns and cities developed to accommodate the expansion of industries and the introduction of new workers who came from the countryside for employment. However, the standard of living deteriorated slowly and people felt that the life had changed but for the worst.‘In England’, many had given up the rural lifestyle. From the green and ‘pleasant land’ they came a nd joined the industrial revolution, - 'dark Satanic mills' for the purpose of an employment. As a result, the workers lost the feel of belongingness and security, which generally comes from staying in a smaller community.The members of the movement of Arts and Crafts included architects, designers, artists, writers and craftsmen Guillà ¢en, They were afraid the industrialization was demolishing the traditional crafts and skills. The credit went to machines for producing the quality goods with high skill and design.

A comparison of two media articles Essay Example for Free

A comparison of two media articles Essay The Daily Express and The Independent write about the same event, Englands 2-0 victory over Greece in one of Englands world cup qualifier matches. It is obvious from looking at the articles that they are set out and written differently, this is because of their target audiences. The Independent is a more formal newspaper in A2 size, aimed at the more educated person. It is generally read by people in the social groups of A, B and C1, this includes people such as doctors, policemen and other such skilled workers. The Daily Express however is a much less formal newspaper, in A3 size, its target audience are people who are generally less educated and belong in the social groups of C1 and C2, people like builders, receptionists and other unskilled workers. The Daily Express article dominates the entire back page with very little else but a small sub article and some small adverts, the Daily Express sets it out in this way to attract its readers to the paper and article, it is bold and stands out. The Independent is different in this as the article takes up roughly half of the page, with enough room to have another article on the same page this is because of its much larger page. The Independent does not use big bold headlines or make it to try and attract the reader into the story; instead they set the article out in a more professional form making it look elegant and neat. This is done as The Independents readers do not want to be enticed into reading an article just because it looks attractive and stands out, they will read what is of interest to them and for content of the story. The Daily Express however uses the bold headlines and dominating layout to attract its readers into the article and paper. The Daily Express includes two pictures in its article, one for the main article of the match and the other one shows the gossip of the match. The Daily Star does this as their readers like pictures to attract them to the story and also like to read about the gossip as well, in this case the bottles being thrown at David Beckhams head. The picture for the main article that the Daily Star chooses to show is that of David Beckham celebrating his goal, however they have blocked everything else out of the picture and just have David shown with a bold black outline. The picture is laid out across the page in an untidy fashion making it bolder and more attracting to its reader. This is done as the readers of the paper recognise David as a big celebrity and so want to read what is said about him. The Independent however is very different it has only one picture; it dominates the article but is set out in a square as a neat part of the article. The picture is the same as Daily stars however it is much broader as it shows more than just David Beckham; it is left showing us the stadium and the crowds celebrations. The chooses to do this as its readers prefer a much more in depth view as to what has happened when reading their articles, with this they can see the sort of atmosphere there would have been in the Stadium. The Daily Express uses a type of language typical of most tabloid newspapers, but not usually seen in broadsheet newspapers; puns, a play on words. The Daily Express uses pun in the headline of its article which focuses solely on David Beckham. The headline is Haircules, deriving from the ancient Greek God of Hercules, a mighty, strong warrior. The Daily Express has done this as it shows David Beckham as the mighty warrior of the football match. The beginning part Her, has been altered to Hair to apply more to David Beckham and his famous, forever changing hair cut. The Daily Express uses war imagery; the writer uses words, phrases and sentences which compare the football match to a bloody battle or war. The sub header is a great example of this war imagery language with the phrase cool under fire. We would more often than not associate this sort of term with a soldier who had kept his cool whilst being shot at, however in this case it has been changed to describe an aspect of the football match. Also, missiles, victory and stoop to conquer are more war imagery terms which the writer has used to elevate the match and make it seem more exciting. The Independent has not used war imagery as this is a very convincing language, the paper would much rather its readers made up their own minds rather than have them made for them. Sentence Length, sentence structure and sentence variety are another three things which sets these two articles apart. Whereas the Daily Express uses very simple, basic, short sentence structures The Independent uses longer more complex sentence structures which appeal more to its readers. The Daily express does not break down its sentences with punctuation, punctuation is very basic in this article for example, take the opening sentence of each, Skipper David Beckham provided the perfect answer to the Greek thugs who targeted him last night with missiles as he curled in the free kick which put the seal on victory in Athens and kept Englands world cup hopes alive, not a single comma is used to break down that very large sentence. Bring on the Germans was the cry from the sunburned, shaven-headed masses in the northern arc of the Spiro Louis Stadium last night and there would not have been a single man in the England dressing room who would disagree, in this the Independents the sentence is broken down by a quote and comma. Both of the articles input interviews from David Beckham; they are very similar but The Independents comments contain better vocabulary as to appeal more to its readers. The Independent inputs phrases such as the importance of maintaining our discipline, so that the comments appear more intellectual and appeal more to its readers. The Daily Express however writes this comment as It was important we kept our discipline, keeping the phrase more simple, so that its less sophisticated readers are not put off by complex language. The independent also contains much more dialogue than the Daily Express, this is because the Independent would like to get across as many view points as possible on the match, so that its readers can think for themselves and come to their own decision on the what kind of match the game was. In conclusion both of the articles are effective for their different readers. The Daily Express writes more basically and writes more about gossip and facts to appeal to its lesser educated readers. With bold headlines and the picture of David Beckham the paper is going to sell as it attracts its readers. The Independent is very different, it is much more factual, its more educated readers are less interested in the gossip and would rather read the facts. The article contains a lot of dialogue and refrains from using war imagery, presenting different view points enabling the reader to make their own decision on the match.

Do extracurricular programs reduce the stress of students

Do extracurricular programs reduce the stress of students Life as a student is resplendent with assignments, essays and study. Not to mention all the extracurricular activities that has to be done. Of course, as a student, a common problem that cant be avoided is feeling stress. In the beginning of this paper, it will discuss and explain about stress and source of stress. Studies and statistical evidence are given to proof that students around the world are facing the same problem; stress. Next, this paper will discuss about how stress is reduced. There are some method such as the coping strategies, General Adaptation Syndrome and theory of relaxation. In this part of the paper, we will go through these ways of coping in details and relate it to the life of a student. The students can use these methods to help them reducing, deal with the stress. The conclusion of this essay will evaluate and conclude about the stress reducing ways. Most of the student cant handle their stress because they said that there are no ways to confront stress, but this essay clearly shows that there are ways that can be used to cope with stress. In the end, this essay emphasized the importance of coping with stress as it helps students to do well in their academic. With clear understanding, maybe students will not experience stress as appalling as today in the future. A research entitled Colleges Students Academic Stress and Its Relation to Their Anxiety, Time Management And Leisure Satisfaction conducted by Dr. Ranjita Misra(PhD CHES)  [1]  and Michelle McKean  [2]  among 249 Midwestern University undergraduates. Respondent were randomly chosen from the university index list. The research shows that the stress among the colleges students highly increases nationwide (Sax, 1997). Students reported stress at the peak at predictable times each semester with the most sources of academic stress resulting from rank competition, the bulky amount of content to master in a little amount of time and taking and studying for exams (Abouserie, 1994; Archer Lamnin, 1985; Britton Tesser, 1991; Kohn Frazer, 1986). When stress is professed depressingly or becomes too much, students experience physical and psychological harm (Murphy Archer, 1996). Generally, higher stress was experienced as a result of self-imposed stress and pressure, not because of co nflict, dissatisfaction and pressure. The result of the research also shows that in general, female students facing less stressful moment than male students, proven that female students deal with their stress better, some correlation can be seen based on how they perceived stress, manage their time well, more than the male students. Leisure activities such as sports, singing, hanging out with friends and doing community services successfully trim down academic stress among college students. Apart from that, an aesthetic surroundings and recreation benefits also contributed to lessen stress. Tested in the research, time management behaviours had greater effect to minimize academic stress compared to outdoor activities (leisure, sports, and community services). But it is also different between male and female students. Previous studies have shown that problem solving is an important coping strategy that can reduce, minimize, or prevent stress by enabling a person to better manage dail y problematic situations and their emotional effects (DZurilla Sheedy, 1991). There are proofs that extracurricular activities can helps to decrease the stress experienced by the students but the research also shown that extracurricular activities is not the best way that can be make use of by students to lessen their stress. In MARA College Banting (MCB), the extracurricular activities are known as the CAS programme. CAS is the abbreviation for creative, action and services. Every MCB students are required to do 180 hours of CAS programmes. As students, they cant escape themselves from studying and not to mention, the stress. CAS programmes should help the MCB students to reduce their stress but how and to what extend does this programme help. Stress Stress is quite similar with the concept of love. It can be felt, but it cant be described. It is the state of being in pressure resulted from things that happening around them. According to Hans Selye, stress is a concept which has suffered from the mixed blessing of being too well known and too little understood  [3]  . Well, parents talk about the burden raising children, teachers talk about the pressure in school, workers talk about low salary and students talk about the endless assignments. These are the indicator that stress is everywhere. Selye also divided stress into two, named them eustress and distress. Eustress refers to the positive stress where it is essential to have this kind of stress. Example of eustress is feeling nervous about getting married or feeling nervous about scoring a penalty in a football match. Meanwhile, distress is the negative stress, which is not good to ones health. Example of distress is worrying because not ready for examination or failing a test. Sources of Stress There are many sources or things that can be the source of stress. The changes, whether it is pleasant or unpleasant, that happen around us can appear to be the source of stress. Deaths, family, studies, workplace, all this have their own contribution to stress. Traumatic events such as death or natural disaster (floods, drought, and tornado) can be last longer and give more impact to one person. It can happen directly or indirectly to a stressor. Some research shown that stress cause by daily activities can be more stressful compared to main events such as death. Missed a bus or forgot where you keep your keys can be really tense to some people. How Stress Is Reduced Blazing the trail, we are going to look at the General Adaptation Syndrome, also known as GAS, identified by Selye (1976). GAS is a non-specific physiological reaction that occurs to a range of nerve-racking stimuli. Overall, the GAS is divided into three phases. The first phase of GAS is the Alarm Reaction. Basically, the stimuli that causes stress is detected, the hypothalamus of the brain reacts in two ways: it activates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), stimulated adrenal gland to activate adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids and this will hinder immune system reaction, inhibits tissue irritation and releases energy from the liver. The other reaction of the hypothalamus is it activates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system, makes the adrenal gland to release adrenaline and noradrenaline, preparing the person with flight or fights reactions of increased heart and breathing rate, includes blood pressure and muscle tension. Usually phase one takes place without one realising it, except if they were in emergency such as being punish or involved in a fight. Stage two comes to pass after Alarm Reaction, which is called the Stage of Resistance, where the body retain arousal at a lower level. This stage however, is different depends on the individual itself. Behavioural coping style maybe different between two individual. Optimal arousal theory states that up to a level stress can provide a beneficial motivating effect that helps deal with the source of stress. Mentioned earlier, different people use different coping strategies, some exploit problem-focused strategies and deal with the source of stress and some become accustomed to emotion-focused strategies and try to deal with its effects. Besides, some people have type A personality that create and maintain high level of stress in their life (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). These people are usually insistent, spirited and highly obsessed perfectionists who will n ot entrust and are intolerant towards others. Hardy personality (Kobasa, 1979) suggests that people that people are less exposed to end product of stress because they have vast sense of control over, more positive attitude towards nerve-racking dealings. Controlling the sense during the stressful event can helps to reduce the effects of stress. Apart from that, gender and cultural factors may be at variance in the sum and category of stress experienced. For example, men that socialize more may have less difficult to deal with their stress. Lets go into phase three, the Stage Of Exhaustion, where in this phase, the persons body will eventually get exhausted and turn out negative physiological and psychological effects. Apparently, stress can reduce the immune system and exposed the body to more infections such as ulcer (Brady, 1958), asthma (Miller and Strunk, 1979), colds (Stone et al, 1987) and cancer (Jacobs and Charles, 1980). Somehow, stress prompted the heart rate and blood pre ssure, worsen and jamming the blood vessel hence increasing the cardiovascular disorder. Over three thousand men that have the type A personality were more likely to be ill with heart diseases (Rosenman et al, 1975). Any student or person will likely to have anger and frustration as part of their manner to lessen stress. Some person that cant deal with it well are more exposed to depression and helplessness where this can comes together with anxiety, that is generally, too bad to our health. As described earlier, as part of the fight or flight situations, our body will releases hormones and many neurotransmitters. For aid adaptation and survival, these are crucial. Mentioned previously, when facing a stressor, the parasympathetic nervous system will response and these is intended as the adaptive response to force the body into actions and to do more physical activities, where we maybe experience some anger or fear or increasing respiration rates. Furthermore, being physically fit also engages with reduced risk for many conditions including heart disease and stroke. While doing physical activities, the extra chemicals released as a result of experiencing stress are used up. This will make a feeling of relaxation occur, after a period of exercise. Exercise is very beneficial to the body but some still find it difficult to find time, and that is why CAS programmes are planned for all students. Doing activities with partners is really useful, provided that one must try to in clude exercise schedule into their daily routine. Exercise actually acts like an antidepressant and boost up ones mood. But question is, why? This has urged a group of doctors from Nottingham Trend University to make research about this. The researchers suggest that a chemical named phenyl ethylamine could play a role. This chemical has been related to regulation of physical energy, attention and mood where it will be change into phenyl acetic acid by an enzyme. It is proven that the biological fluids in depressed patient have low level of both substances. In the first attempt to test the influence of exercise on levels of the chemical, they found out that level of the chemical increased by 76.8% after exercise. The test was conducted on twenty healthy men, with a standard age of 22. All repeatedly did around four hours of fair to hard aerobic and anaerobic exercise every week. Before they start the study, they abstained from exercise for a day, and a urine test was completed to che ck for levels of phenyl acetic acid, the most precise amount of the chemical. Exercised for half an hour on a treadmill at 70% of maximum heart capability is good since mood changes are usually reported at that level. Proven by the urine levels, it was found that phenyl acetic acid levels were increased in 18 of the 20 men. Quoted from one of the researcher from Nottingham Trent University, Dr. Ellen Billet  [4]  said: We are quite sure that there may be an effect of exercise on phenyl ethylamine. We also recognized that modest exercise has these positive effects. Meanwhile, a spokesperson for the mental health charity said that physical exercise has a compelling place in the management and avoidance of some mental health problems. In a latest survey of gym customers, 75% said they exercised to trim down their stress levels and 67% said they used exercise to retain their mental health. She also is calling for all doctors to offer exercise sessions on recommendation to patients w ith mental health problems, predominantly as we know that the majority people with mental health problems dont know this non-drug treatment alternative exists. A progressive muscle relaxation has proven to give highly effective stress reduced. By carry out relaxation, it prop up the parasympathetic nervous system activities and thus restore functioning and promotes rest. Some of the students in KMB practice a yoga-like doings and tai-chi (a type of traditional Chinese method to relax), and surprisingly, it works. They just spent only about thirty minutes in the evening, and I believe that is not impossible to be done. The common thing that students do when they try to deal with stress is, they tend to eat a lot. Well, to some people it does ease their stress but it is actually not a good thing to be done. What can really help is to control the food that we eat. Scrupulously, food materials such as nicotine and caffeine (also known as sympathomimetics) stimulate the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. As a result, they boost blood pressure, heart rate and metabolic rate, where these can help the body system to be more reactive to stress especially when we are out in the open to a stressor. For instance, doing a ToK presentation, the student will feel more anxious and diminished performance. Biologically, stress can have an effect on absorption of certain vitamins. The release of cortisol (a  steroid  hormone  secreted by the  adrenal gland) for example, occurs following sympathetic nervous system activation requires the use of B-complex vitamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin C, and pyridoxine hydrochloride. Over a period of persistent stress, the supply of these vitamins in the body will lessen. And when that happens, the body cannot support or handle the cause of stress; it reduces the effectiveness to stressor. This possibly will results in adverse physical symptoms such as stomach ache, muscular weakness and physical mayhem (insomnia, depression, anxiety). To make sure that the body get all that it needs, eat fortified cereals, vegetables, fruits, fish as well as liver as it contains the B-complex vitamins. As for vitamin C, eat a lot of cabbages, potatoes, tomatoes and any other citrus fruits that you would like. Not to be forgotten, exposed to constant stress can direct to lower calcium level as it mess about the calcium absorption in the intestine. Vitamin B-complex are also needed in processed flour and ingesting sugars. Ability to response to stressor minimize due to the rundown of stores of cortisol. Stress itself helps to raise blood sugar level because it has known that exposure to continual stress have an adverse effect on the production of insulin in the body. This occurrence may elucidate why diabetes mellitis occurs to some people. Its a insulin producing disorder. People whose had a sodium related disorder, may affected by salt, increasing the body to preserve fluid. The subsequent increase in blood pressure while facing the stressor may leave the person at higher risk of stroke and heart attack. Cognitive restructuring is another method that can help to release stress. Is it a method where negative thought, misconception or absurd thinking that facilitate stressful reaction are replaced with more positive, realistic and practical thought that helps to reduce the persons judgment of menace or mischief. Two approaches that have been widely use by therapist to help restructuring thoughts are the Aaron Becks cognitive therapy and Albert Ellis rational emotive therapy. In addition, there is also another system known as the stress-inoculation, developed by Donald Meichenbaum. It involves a few steps which are conceptualisation, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow through. First of all, the person learns about the nature of stress and how people react to it, taking examples from own personal experiences will be helpful. Then, find out the range of cognitive and behavioural techniques including cognitive restructuring, relaxation, and how to get community su pport (friends, teachers and family). Respond to stressors introduced in therapy in a categorized progression and be present at the follow-up sessions (Meichenbaum and Deffenbacher, 1988). About the self-control, one must believe in their self that they can change what is happening to them, which will make it better in favour of them to deal with the stress. On the other hand, a person will find it more difficult to muddle through the stress if they keep thinking that it is out of their control or it is fated. People tend to only bear in mind about the negative side of things. For instance, rather than thinking that a forthcoming presentation as a prospect of failing, think of it as a chance to improve your public speaking. You may not know everything about something, but try to concentrate on the things that you know and possibly will be surprised about the outcome. How do we think, is what we can control. Try to use thought stopping method. It is very easy yet efficient in lessen stress. It is important that every time a negative thought appears, stop it, and tell yourself that you will not tolerate yourself to have pessimistic thoughts. At the same time, stop, relax, and try to breathe. Practise relaxation method. It has some sensation effect that will act as a supporter to bring to an end to the negative thought. Have you ever saw a group of people laughing while you were jogging? Dont worry, they are not crazy. Maybe the term laughter is the best medicine is quite common in our daily life today. It has been well known that laughter can minimize stress. Researchers found out that humour in reaction to stressful situation brings many advantages. Laughter can turn out in physiological changes including an increase in heart rate, oxygen exchange and muscle activities (sympathetic nervous system activity). This can direct to an eventual reduction in these activities to beneath baseline producing a state of relaxation, which is the parasympathetic nervous system activation. Therefore, if you are feeling stress after the hard study time, while doing CAS activities, have a laugh with your friends. I am quite sure that every student have been exposed to, at least once, a motivational talk about how to plan their time. If you are smart, you will plan and manage your time effectively as it helps to get rid of stress. For instance, if you are feeling stress because you have a placement interview, do not turn up late at the interview place. This will buy you some time to relax and to do some relaxation, it really helps. Similarly, if you cannot finish you work or study in your room for the reason that you kept been distracted, arrange your time efficiently and try to find time to study in the library or anywhere that you feels comfortable. It surely can help to lessen stress and helps to focus more. One more thing that is essential to help reduce stress is the social support that can be gained from friends, teachers and family. Stress effects are lowered with a good social support group. That is why, an excellent and healthy relationship with friends, teachers and family are vital. People, who are friendless and alone, are more risky to stress and also mental related problems. For example, a recent survey shows that two third of the people affected by mental illness, admit that they feeling lonely all the time or often. This survey was made in Australia. In addition to friends and teachers, besides family, CAS programme at the local community centre provide the opportunity to have a healthy social relations. The social support is like a central coping technique. It possibly will work in two ways which is the buffering effect or the direct effect. The buffering effect shields a person from the unfavourable effects of stress. In the other hand, the direct effect may be priceless a nd positive in its own right. Both model of effect is acceptable and reveals multiple paths through which stress and even health outcomes are influenced (Cohen and Wills, 1985). Actually, it might be better to consider social support in a system context. This is the connection between the person and social support is a continuous matter that engages two-way feedback of both negative and positive feeling. One thing that will surely helps is exercise regulatory or disregulatory effects on the other as the connection continues (Leavy, 1983). Well, if one just depends on the social support to minimize their stress, it may have only minute effect, but when pooled with other relaxation techniques, it has enormous effect. According to Schultz and Saklofske (1983), the quantity of the social support is not as important as the quality of it. A person, who received a low quality social support, although it was more than enough, was reported feeling more alone than a person who had a little bu t higher quality of social support. The importance of social support might be different, depends on the type of cause of stress. Various stressors that never experienced by others are faced by families with handicapped member (Yablin, 1986) and they seeming benefit from their social supports (Kirkham, Schilling, Norelius and Schinke, 1986). Plus, families dealing with illness seem to be much better when they have strong social support contrast to those who has no such support (Shapiro, 1983). A research reported that men with AIDS and AIDS-related problems experience increased distress whey they were not given enough support (Zich and Temoshok, 1987). Social support also seems to be a buffer against severe coronary artery disease in type A personalities (Blumenthal et al., 1987). Students should have their own stand, their own attitude and principles. It is not only for self confidence, but also in helping to reduce stress. The use of religious practise and spiritual beliefs is a neglected element of strategies of cope with stress. Noted that the religious group support are strong whose influence has not been appropriately assessed. A research conducted by Higher Education Research Institute, University of California found out that college students who take part in religious and spiritual activities are more possible to have a better stress level than students who didnt participate in religious activity at all. Besides that, students who did not join religious activities are more twofold more likely to be reported with mental health and depression compared to students who attended religious activities constantly. According to Alexander Astin  [5]  , co-principal investigator for the research involving 3,680 third-year college students, sense of psychologi cal well-being of one also contributed by being religious and spiritual. Those who play a part in religious conduct also are less likely to undergo overwhelmed during classes. Examples of religious activities are reading holy texts, joining religious organization and attending religious activities. These result are vital because psychological well-being becomes lesser throughout the duration, Astin says. One out of five students has consult the counsellor for personal counselling since becoming the students there, and 77% of the students claim seeming depressed regularly or irregularly during the years before. No more than 61% of the students were feeling depressed commonly or rarely when they first started college. This is still a very high number since official statistics signify that only 25% of the population suffers from depression. These are all related, feeling good about your life and high self esteem has a connection to high degree of spiritual. The research labelled spirit uality as desiring to assimilate religion into ones life, believing in the purity of life and having divine experiences. But the study too finds that extremely spiritual students are more exposed to experience spiritual distress, or feeling anxious about pious, than students who arent actively religious. Being religious also could play a part in whether someone starts to swig drinks that contains alcohol while in college. More than 70% of students who dont drink alcohol before registered in college wont set off in college if they got themselves in religious doings, the study reported, but only less than that of students will go on to give up if not occupied religiously. The question that arises is whether the students who do religious activities have really healthy psychological or healthy psychological students who go and seek for religious activities. The research also unearthed that 77% of college students pray, 78% have a discussion about religious conviction with acquaintances, and 76% are looking for significance and reason in life. Last but not least, the relaxation using words also helps. For example, relax, take it easy and chill out are commonly used by us. These words form the important part of cue-controlled relaxation. The secret is effortless; the repeated words will enable the body to do the response automatically. The process is something that we want to control, and we can control it. The words act as a signal for the body to do the required response. It triggers the response of relaxation. Yes, maybe at first, it doesnt mean anything. But after the words have been connected to the relaxation, it will induce the response directly. Just say the words and relax.

Using Technology in Sports :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Using Technology in Sports The ball comes speeding over the net and slams down onto the face of the court landing just beyond the base line, the line running along the back of the court. I had called her winning point... "out." As I turned towards her, I could see the anger building in her eyes. We walked towards each other, and with only the net separating us, she began to confront me. She argued that, as she saw it, the ball was obviously in and that we should replay the point. I wanted this game as much as she did and we were both standing strong. I finally decided that there was no use in fighting. We had to resolve this argument between ourselves because there were no line judges to decide for us. We decided to replay the point and she won. I tried to convince myself that there would be times when a call would be questionable and that I should try not to point fingers. I still went home discouraged that night because I knew that the call I had made was fair. The next day I sleepily drifted in and out of my Ethics lecture, although, the teacher was able to catch my attention by an interesting question that he presented. What is morally correct? This got my mind going. I was bothered by the match the previous day and I began to question myself about my call. Was it morally correct or was I being partial to my own success? I reflected on that final call that I had made, the point that won the game. I was positive that I had made a fair call but a little hint of doubt kept ringing in my head. What if I had made a bad call? What if I saw the ball differently than everyone else? Questions like these continued to haunt me throughout the hour. One of my close friends, Sarah, noticed that something was bothering me. She asked me what was wrong, and I told her that I was upset about last night's match and was wishing that there was a way to tell for sure if the ball had been in or out. As soon as I had finished, an excited look washed over her fac e. Being a track star, she proceeded to tell me about a new technology that was being used for runners.

Censorship in Literature Essay

The works of J.D. Salinger, Harper Lee, and John Steinbeck are recognized as classic literature masterpieces that have been read by young students across the nation. Books such as the Catcher in the Rye, To Kill a Mockingbird, Of Mice and Men, and many more have all been banned from schools at one point since being published (Top). The banning of books in schools is considered as censorship. There has been much controversy concerning the offensiveness of the profanity, racial comments, and sexual content these books are said to have. You would expect that readers nowadays be used to these types of elements in the books they read, but many school administrators still continue to censor specific books in hopes of keeping their students away from bad influences. To Kill a Mockingbird, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and Huckleberry Finn have all been challenged since the 1970’s because of the racial comments made throughout the books. The Catcher in the Rye, The Diary of Anne Frank, and The Red Pony are just a few examples of books that have been challenged because the sexual content these books contain (Censored). If one were to read one of these books nowadays, it would be because a teacher had assigned the book to the student as a reading assignment. Would a teacher demand his students to read the first one hundred pages of a book if they thought the book had vulgar language and disturbing sexual content in it? It is understandable why a school would forbid its students to read books with adult content in it in the early to mid 1900’s because of the sensitive subjects the authors were writing about. Racist language was offensive to all races. The sexual content exhibited by the author in his books was offensive to the people that consider that the sexuality of a person is to remain clean and pure. Now in the 21st century, sensitive subjects such as racism, sexuality and even profanity are the least bit of a readers worries. Our opinions on what should be censored in literature have changed since the 20th century. The reasons for censorship in literature have expanded from racism and profanity to religion and witchcraft as the years have passed. Bless me, Ultima by Rodulfo Anaya, and the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling have been banned because it is said that these modern books promote witchcraft, which is beyond offensive to many religions (Banned). In our current generation, all people worry about is how books will harm our religion and way of living. Racism and profanity is not much of a worry because most of our society has grown past racism and has grown used to the fact that profanity is something we encounter everyday. So, why are some of the most popular classic novels still banned from some schools across the nation? It is believe that although our society has matured in the past century, schools still have some sort of policy which states that â€Å"books must be age appropriate and related to [the] school curriculum† (Coatney). Many schools believe that buy censoring literature they are preventing kids from being exposed to adult content, but in reality, what schools believe that specific books should be rated â€Å"R† are really rated â€Å"PG-13† to the minds of their students. Although schools and parents support the idea of censoring books because of their adult content, they do not realize that rather than protecting them, they are keeping them away from what can be valuable lessons. Books such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can contribute to the lesson that racism was never fair to begin with. By reading The Catcher in the Rye, the youth can learn that there is more to life than just violence and sex. Students can truly learn from the books that have been censored throughout these many years because â€Å"high school students are evolving and learning to formulate their own opinions in life†, regardless of the amount of vulgar language, sexual content, and violence that is in the books they choose to read (Censorship). However, there should be limits to how much adult and offensive content there is in books. For example Adolf Hitler’s Mein Kampf is a book that encourages racism and violence while other books only promote the importance of goodness by exposing the bad. Books such as that are the type of books that can do some harm to the youth of our society. Also, there are some books in present day that should be censored because of their sexual content. Fifty Shades of Grey, written by E.L. James is, for example, too outspoken for the young readers of today. The sexual content in The Catcher in the Rye would be considered to be nothing compared to the work of E.L. James. Although every book cannot be kept away from each student, the books that are labeled as too explicit should at least be the ones to be banned from schools. Censorship has played a large role in literature ever since authors have experimented with the types of stories they can create by using different types of adult content to get their lesson across. Many classic literatures that have been taught in schools for many years have been censored many times since the first time they were published, but people still find a way to make a positive lesson out of those books regardless of the content demonstrated by the author of the book. It is possible that one day books will not need to be censored because of how exposed our future generations will be due to what is exhibited out in the real world for everyday people to see. Works Cited â€Å"Banned & Challenged Books.† Good Reads. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. â€Å"CENSORED BOOKS IN THE USA.† Bulletin 43 over Censored Books in the USA. Office for Intellectual Freedom, n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Censorship: The Negative Effects Parents Don’t Know About.† Yahoo! Contributor Network. N.p., 11 May 2009. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. Coatney, Sharon. â€Å"Banned Books: A School Librarian’s Perspective.† Time.com. N.p., 22 Sept. 2000. Web. 20 Jan. 2013. â€Å"Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009.† American Library Association. N.p., n.d. Web.18 Jan. 2013.

Patterns of Democracy Essay

The book Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performances in Thirty-Six Countries compared consensus democracy vis-a-vis majoritarian democracy as society’s backbone towards social and economic development. Through its discourse, it made evident that consensus democracy exhibits a more mature type of democracy as it better responds to many of the contemporary community’s social and political issues such as women’s rights, environmental awareness and voter’s turnout. The books presented ideas that broadened my perception of sociopolitical and socioeconomic issues. It has effectively demonstrated the complexities of our society and the dynamics of democracy in particular. For this, the book is a good baseline for building our political awareness and ideological stance. However, I find consensus democracy, as presented in the book, a very debatable concept. As the book relates, consensus democracy is a type of government where every sector with a valid purpose is given due representation in the socio-civic segments of society. It has been practiced and seen success in Switzerland, Belgium and even international organization such as the European Union among others. Among its identified key characteristics are the formation of a grand coalition where elite leaders of each sector recognizes the dangers of non-cooperation; exercise of mutual veto which requires consensus to confirm the majority rule; proportionality where representation in the national and civic segments of the society is equal to the sector’s population; and segmental autonomy which creates a sense of individuality and allows for different culturally-based community laws (www. wikipedia. com). Popular literature credits Arend Lijphart as is the primary promoter of this type of democracy. Lijphart sees consensus democracy as â€Å"kinder, gentler† approach compared to majoritarian democracy. The book advocates this type of democracy – also called consociationalism – not only as an antidote to countries in conflict but also as the supreme state of society. The way he presented and navigated his evidences into asserting the numerous advantages of consociationalism is obviously coming from a one-track mind. Understanding his standpoint as an avid and pious promoter of this political theory as evidenced in his early works such as Democracy in Plural Societies (1977), he must have been so immersed and engrossed on this concept. There is no question that this type of democracy works, in some situations far better even, than other democracies. Yet, as a reader, one may not help but feel overwhelmed by the bombardment of too-good-to-be-true attributes and then start to look for flaws and critique the concept. In his narration on how idyllic consensus democracy is, he missed out on several obvious contentions which real life circumstances may pose on its actual implementation. He may also have overlooked some contextual considerations that had served as crucial factors in the success of consociationalism. Therefore as a review of his work – Patterns of Democracy – it would be insightful to mention several observations from an outsider’s point of view. Consensus democracy is ideal; in fact it’s too ideal it seems too good to be true. Operating from a realist point of view, consociationalism is a fantasy. It is difficult to imagine sectors of the society – each with its own agenda and interest, some with contrasting views as the other – would come together and work for a policy that may not have any effect on their cause. There will always be an opportunity cost which one or several sectors should be willing to pay. The question now is how much each sector is willing to sacrifice for the common good. Also, the sectors which they intend to integrate in policy-making initiatives are largely issue-based. This introduces another complexity since some of them are ad-hoc groups that disintegrate once their mission has been realized, unable to sustain the support of its subordinates. Except for some constant concerns such as labor, health and education, sectors with less important concerns need not to be raised on national level regardless of its populace. Institutionalizing a long term sectoral representation and compromise agreements in a much diversified society is a serious challenge to meet, and even harder to maintain. Consensus democracy dreams of a welfare state with less violence, more equality, and greater environmental concern, and all the good things every government aspires for its people. However, the book discussion of consensus democracy makes it seem so easy to realize, eliciting false hopes, leading to unrest and eventual breakdown of the society. There is nothing wrong in setting goals but it should also be practical and pragmatic as to not mislead the people into an overnight change. The goals of consociationalism could also be interpreted as being preachy. As in the case of consociationalism in Lebanon which was tagged as â€Å"confessionalism† due to its religious linkages, consensus democracy defies the separation of church and state – a characteristic common to most democratic states. Aligning the government’s policies with that of the church’s is a U-turn back to the conservative ages which democracies have long tried to break from. Another comment on the book is that it had the impression of being too imposing. Though it may have seen several successes in some countries as in the Netherlands and Belgium, this type of democracy cannot be forced upon other states. Again, operating from a relativist’s perspective, one must realize that each sovereign state is a unique entity. In fact, recognizing pre-conditions for better application of consensus democracy is in itself a recognition that it cannot be function as effectively in other states. This is precisely the purpose of comparative politics where various forms of governments are studied to determine which would work best in a particular society. Contrasting consensus democracy with majoritarian democracy was Lijphart’s way of highlighting the positive facets of the former. However, the manner on which the comparison was presented seems to be discrediting the latter in order to elevate the status of consociationalism. It is ironic that consensus democracy calls for tolerance for unparallel views for various sectors yet he is maligning majoritarian democracy to forward his thoughts. This manner of persuasion holds no chance in a consensus democracy for it will only stir more conflict and cleavages among disparate groups. As sectors are represented by elites in a consensus democracy, it manifests an imbalance in the society; elites who have their own interests to protect, have secured places in the society and have nothing much to lose should they fail to forward their cause. This leaves the sectors they represent helpless should the elites decide go with the majority. The minority will have no power against the majority in fear of retaliating on them with a bigger impact. This scenario is highly hegemonic. Lastly, the federalism by means of identifying the racial and cultural backgrounds is not cohesive, rather it’s the opposite. Continuously referring to them as the minority will not improve the chances of garnering greater support. This will allow the so called ethic groups to detach from the coalition and pursue their own initiatives in some other venue that may not be as diplomatic as consociationalism suggests.